Voice
Voice হচ্ছে
ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশভঙ্গি
যার মাধ্যমে
বোঝা যায় যে
কোন বাক্যের subject কাজটি
করছে/করেছে/করবে
নাকি কাজটি subject দ্বারা
করা হচ্ছে/হয়েছে/হবে।
Voice is the way of expressing verbs
which describes whether the subject does the work or it has been done by the
subject.
Types
of Voice:
Voice দুই প্রকার 1 Active voice 2 Passive
voice
Active
voice: যে
sentence-এ
subject নিজে সক্রিয়ভাবে
কাজটি করে সেই sentence-এ verb-এর active voice হয়।
The sentence in which the subject does the work by himself
actively in that sentence the verb has an active voice.
Sentence Structure:
Subject + Verb + Object
Example:
- I
write articles.
Passive
voice:
যে
sentence-এ
subject নিজে সক্রিয়ভাবে
কাজটি করে না
বরং
object-এর কাজটি
তার দ্বারা
করা হয় সেই sentence-এ verb-এর passive voice হয়।
The sentence in which the subject does not do the work by
himself actively rather the object’s work is done by the subject in that
sentence the verb has passive
voice.
Sentence Structure:
Object + be verb+ verb’s past participle + by+ subject
Example:
- Articles
are written by me.
Voice-কে active থেকে passive করার নিয়মগুলো
নিচে বর্ণিত হল:
Rule
1:
a. Active voice-এর subject
passive voice-এর object-এ রূপান্তরিত
হয়।
The active voice’s subject is changed to the passive voice’s object.
b. Active voice-এর object
passive voice-এর subject-এ রূপান্তরিত
হয়।
The active voice’s object is changed to passive voice’s subject.
c. মূল verb-এর past
participle ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং auxiliary
verb/ be verb নির্বাচন করা
হয়
subject এবং
tense অনুযায়ী ।
Main verb’s past participle is used, and auxiliary verb/ be
verb is chosen according to subject and tense.
Example:
- I
write poems. (Active)
- Poems
are written by me. (Passive)
Rule
2: ⇒ Indefinite tense-এর ক্ষেত্রে passive
voice-এর structure:
a. Present- Object’s
subject+ am/is/are+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object
Example:
- She
praises me. (Active)
- I
am praised by her. (Passive)
- I
praise her. (Active)
- She
is praised by me. (Passive)
b. Past- Object’s
subject+ was/were+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object
Example:
- She
praised me. (Active)
- I
was praised by her. (Passive)
- She
praised them. (Active)
- They
were praised by her. (Passive)
c. Future- Object’s
subject+ shall be/will be+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object
Example:
- She
will praise me. (Active)
- I
shall be praised by her. (Passive)
- She
will praise him. (Active)
- He
will be praised by her. (Passive)
⇒ Continuous tense-এর ক্ষেত্রে passive
voice-এর structure:
a. Present- Object’s
subject+ am being/is being/are being+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s
object
Example:
- She
is praising me. (Active)
- I
am being praised by her. (Passive)
- She
is praising him. (Active)
- He
is being praised by her. (Passive)
- She
is praising them. (Active)
- They
are being praised by her. (Passive)
b. Past- Object’s
subject+ was being/ were being+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object
Example:
- She
was praising me. (Active)
- I
was being praised by her. (Passive)
- She
was praising them. (Active)
- They
were being praised by her. (Passive)
c. Future- Object’s
subject+ shall be being/will be being+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s
object
Example:
- She
will be praising me. (Active)
- I
shall be being praised by her. (Passive)
- She
will be praising them. (Active)
- They
will be being praised by her. (Passive)
⇒ Perfect tense-এর
ক্ষেত্রে passive voice-এর structure:
a. Present- Object’s
subject+ has been/ have been+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object
Example:
- She
has praised him. (Active)
- He
has been praised by her. (Passive)
- She
has praised me. (Active)
- I
have been praised by her. (Passive)
b. Past- Object’s
subject+ had been+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object
Example:
- She
had praised me. (Active)
- I
had been praised by her. (Passive)
c. Future- Object’s
subject+ shall have been/ will have been+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s
object
Example:
- She
will have praised me. (Active)
- I
shall have been praised by her. (Passive)
- She
will have praised him. (Active)
- He
will have been praised by her. (Passive)
Rule
3: May/might/can/could/must/ought to/going to-যুক্ত Sentence-এর
ক্ষেত্রেpassive voice-এর structure:
Object’s subject+ may/might/can/could/ must/ought to/going
to+ be+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object
Example:
- You
must write the poem. (Active)
- You
maybe helped by her. (Passive)
- She
may help you. (Active)
- The Poem must be written by you. (Passive)
- We
ought to obey our parents. (Active)
- Our
parents ought to be obeyed by us. (Passive)
- We
are going to organize a party. (Active)
- A Party is going to be organized by us. (Passive)
Rule
4: Imperative Sentence-এর
ক্ষেত্রে passive voice-এর structure:
a. Main verb দিয়ে
শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর
ক্ষেত্রে-
Let+ Object’s subject + be+ verb’s past participle
Example:
- Write
the article. (Active)
- Let
the article be written. (Passive)
- Prepare the assignment. (Active)
- Let
the assignment be prepared. (Passive)
b. “Do not” দিয়ে
শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর
ক্ষেত্রে-
Let not + Object’s subject + be+ verb’s past participle
Example:
- Do
not write the article. (Active)
- Let
not the article be written. (Passive)
- Do
not prepare the assignment. (Active)
- Let
not the assignment be prepared. (Passive)
c. The sentence “Let” দিয়ে
শুরু হলে এবং
এর পর personal object যেমন:
me/us/him/her/you/them থাকলে-
Let+ Object’s subject + be + verb’s past participle+
personal object
Example:
- Let
me write the article. (Active)
- Let
the article be written by me. (Passive)
- Let
him write the letter. (Active)
- Let
the letter be written by him. (Passive)
d. “Never” দিয়ে
শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর
ক্ষেত্রে-
Let not + Object’s subject + ever be + verb’s past
participle
Example:
- Never
deceive anyone. (Active)
- Let
not anyone ever be deceived. (Passive)
- Never go there. (Active)
- Let
not there ever be gone. (Passive)
e. Sentence main verb দিয়ে
শুরু হলে এবং
এর পর personal object যেমন:
me/us/him/her/you/them থাকলে-
Let+ direct object + be+ verb’s past participle + for +
personal object
Example:
- Give
me a pencil. (Active)
- Let
a pencil be given for me. (Passive)
- Give
me an eraser. (Active)
- Let
an eraser be given for me. (Passive)
Rule
5: Interrogative Sentence-এর
ক্ষেত্রে passive voice-এর structure:
a. Interrogative Sentence-কে Assertive
Sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত
করা হয়+ পরিবর্তিত Assertive
sentence-কে
passive form-এ নেয়া হয়+ পরিবর্তিত passive
voice-এর
auxiliary verb-কে sentence-এর শুরুতে
বসান হয়+ Object-এর subject+
……..+ by+ Subject-এর object+ প্রশ্নবোধক
চিহ্ন (Tense অনুসারে
করা হয়)।
Interrogative Sentence is changed to Assertive Sentence+
Changed Assertive sentence is taken to passive form+ Changed passive voice’s an auxiliary verb is put at the starting of sentence+ Object’s subject+…. ……..+
by+ subject’s object+ note of interrogation (Done according to Tense)
Example:
- Have
you written the article? (Active)
- You
have written the article. (Assertive)
- The Article has been written by you. (Passive of Assertive)
- Has
the article been written by you? (Passive of the main sentence)
- Are
you writing the article? (Active)
- You
are writing the article. (Assertive)
- The
article is being written by you. (Passive of Assertive)
- Is
the article being written by you? (Passive of the main sentence)
b. “Who” দিয়ে
শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর
ক্ষেত্রে-
Who-এর পরিবর্তে By whom+
Tense এবং
person-অনুসারে Auxiliary verb+ object-এর
subject+ কোন কোনসময় tense অনুযায়ী
“be/being/been” ব্যবহৃত হয়+ Verb-এর past
participle+?
By whom instead of a who+ Auxiliary verb according to tense
and person+ object’s subject+ sometimes “be/being/been” is used according to
tense+ Verb’s past participle+?
Example:
- Who
is writing the poem? (Active)
- By
whom is the poem being written? (Passive)
c. “Whom”- দিয়ে
শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর
ক্ষেত্রে-
Whom এর পরিবর্তে Who+
Tense এবং
person-অনুসারে Auxiliary verb+ Verb-এর past
participle+ by+ subject-এর object+?
Who instead of a whom+ Auxiliary verb according to tense and
person+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object+?
Example:
- Whom
did you recommend? (Active)
- Who
was recommended by you? (Passive)
d. “What”- দিয়ে
শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর
ক্ষেত্রে-
What+ Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary
verb+ Verb-এর
past participle+ by+ subject-এর object+? (Tense অনুসারে
করা হয়) ।
What+ Auxiliary verb according to tense and person+ Verb’s
past participle+ by+ subject’s object+? (Done according to Tense)
Example:
- What
is he doing? (Active)
- What
is being done by him? (Passive)
- What
does he need? (Active)
- What
is needed by him? (Passive)
Rule
6: Active sentence যার
নিম্নরূপ কাঠামো:
Subject + verb + object +present participle-একে
নিম্নরূপে passive করা
হয়:
Object-এর subject+ Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary
verb + Verb-এর
past participle+ present participle-যুক্ত
অংশ+
by + subject-এর
object।
The active sentence having structure
like this-
Subject + verb + object +present participle is changed
into passive in the
following way: Object’s subject+ Auxiliary verb according to tense and person+
Verb’s past participle+ the part having present participle+ by + subject’s
object.
Example:
- I
saw him performing the dance. (Active)
- He
was seen performing the dance by me. (Passive)
Rule
7: Active voice-এর double object থাকলে Passive voice-এর কাঠামো:
দুটি
object-এর যেকোনটি subject হিসেবে
নেয়া হয় (ব্যক্তিবাচক object-টি
পরিবর্তন করা ভাল) + Verb-এর past
participle+ Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary
verb + অন্য
object+ by+ active voice-এর subject-টি object হিসেবে
লেখা হয়।
Passive voice’s structure in case of
Active voice having double object-
Anyone of the two object is taken as the subject (Changing
the personal object is better) + Verb’s past participle+ Auxiliary verb
according to tense and person+ the other object+ by+ active voice’s subject is
written as the object.
Example:
- I
gave her a dress. (Active)
- She
was given a dress by me. (Passive)
Rule
8: Complex
এবং
compound sentence-যুক্ত Active voice-কে passive-এ
পরিণত করার সময়
উভয়
clause-এর
voice পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
In case of transforming active voice with the complex and
compound sentence, into passive, the voices of both clauses are changed.
Example:
- I
know that he sang the song. (Active)
- It
is known to me that the song was sung by him. (Passive)
Note:
Active voice যদি “People say” দিয়ে
শুরু হয়, তবে
একে
passive করতে হলে, এর
শুরুতে “It is said that” ব্যবহৃত
হয়।
If the active voice is started with “People say” while
transforming it into passive “It is said that” is used in the beginning.
Example:
- People
say that Dhaka is the city of mosques. (Active)
- It
is said that Dhaka is the city of mosques. (Passive)
Rule
9: সাধারণত: intransitive verb-এর passive
voice হয় না। কিন্তু
যদি
intransitive verb-এর পরে
preposition যুক্ত হয়ে একটি group
verb তৈরী করে এবং
এটি
intransitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত
হয়,
তবে
passive রূপের structure হবে-
Object হবে subject+ Tense অনুসারে Auxiliary
verb + Verb-এর
past participle+ প্রদত্ত preposition+ by+ subject-এর object।
Generally, the intransitive verb doesn’t have any passive
voice. But if preposition is added after the intransitive verb it creates a
group verb, and it is used as an intransitive verb then the structure of the
passive form will be-
Object will be subject+ Auxiliary verb according to Tense+
Verb’s past participle+ given preposition+ by+ subject’s object.
Example:
- The
boy took care of the parrots. (Active)
- The
parrots were taken care of by the boy. (Passive)
Rule
10: Active voice-এ Reflexive
objective যেমন: myself, yourself, himself,
herself, yourselves, ourselves, themselves, প্রভৃতি থাকলে Passive-এর কাঠামো-
Active voice-এর একই subject
passive form-এ ও+ Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary
verb + Verb-এর
past participle+ by+ reflexive object।
Passive voice’s structure in case of active voice having Reflexive objective like myself, yourself, himself,
herself, yourselves, ourselves, themselves, etc.-
Same subject of the active voice in passive form + Auxiliary
verb according to tense and person+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ the reflexive
object.
Example:
- He
mocked himself. (Active)
- He
was mocked by himself. (Passive)
Rule
11: Factitive object/ Complementary object-যুক্ত active voice-এর passive কাঠামো-
দ্রষ্টব্য: যদি কোন
বাক্যে transitive verb যেমন: call, make, name, nominate, elect,
select, প্রভৃতি থাকে কিন্তু
একটি পূর্ণ
অর্থ প্রকাশ
করতে একটি অতিরিক্ত object ব্যবহৃত
হয়,
তবে এই অতিরিক্ত objectটিকে Factitive
object/ Complementary object বলে।
Him, her, me, us, you, them, প্রভৃতিকে active রূপে
নেয়া হয় এবং subject হিসেবে
ব্যবহৃত হয়+ Tense and person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary
verb+ Verb-এর
past participle+ factitive object+ by+ subject-এর object.
Passive voice’s structure in case of active voice having Factitive object/
Complementary object-
Note: If a sentence has a transitive
verb like call, make, name, nominate, elect, select, etc. but still can’t
express a full meaning and an extra object is used to have the full meaning.
This extra object is called Factitive object/ Complementary object.
Him, her, me, us, you, them etc. are taken to active form
and used as subject+ Auxiliary verb according to tense and person+ Verb’s past
participle+ factitive object+ by+ subject’s object.
Example:
- They
made me a moderator. (Active)
- I
was made a moderator by them. (Passive)
Rule
12: Cognate object-যুক্ত active
voice-এর Passive কাঠামো-
Cognate object: কিছু
intransitive verb কিছু সাহায্যকারী object ব্যবহার
করে
transitive verb-এর মত
আচরণ করে। এই
সাহায্যকারী object-গুলোকে Cognate
object বলে।
Object-টি subject হিসেবে
ব্যবহৃত হয়+ Tense অনুসারে Auxiliary
verb+ Verb-এর
past participle+ by+ Subject-এর object.
Passive voice’s structure in case of active voice having cognate object-
Cognate object: Some
intransitive verbs use some supporting object and act as a transitive verb.
These supporting objects are called as a Cognate object.
The object is used as subject+ Auxiliary verb according to
tense+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ Subject’s object.
Example:
- He
wrote a poem. (Active)
- A
poem was written by him. (Passive)
Rule
13: Infinitive-যুক্ত active voice-এর passive কাঠামো-
Active voice-এর subject+ tense এবং person অনুযায়ী
মূল
verb+ infinitive-এর পরের object (যদি
থাকে)
+ to be + infinitive-এর পরের verb-এর past
participle
Passive voice’s structure in case of active voice having infinitive-
Active voice’s subject+ main verb according to tense and
person + object situated after infinitive (if there is) + to be + past
participle of the verb after infinitive.
Example:
- He
wants you to give a speech. (Active)
- He
wants a speech to be given. (Passive)
Rule
14: Gerund combinations যেমন: suggest/recommend/advise/propose+
gerund+ object-যুক্ত active voice-এর passive কাঠামো-
Active voice-এর subject+ মূল verb+
that+ gerund-এর পরের object+ should be+ gerund-কে verb-এ
পরিণত করে তার past
participle.
Passive voice’s structure in case of active voice having gerund combinations,
i.e., suggest/recommend/advise/propose+ gerund+ object-
Given active voice’s subject+ main verb+ that+ the object
after the gerund+ should be+ the gerund is converted into a verb and its past
participle.
Example:
- He
proposed watching the movie. (Active)
- He
proposed that the movie should be watched. (Passive)
Rule
15: Determine/arrange/be determined/demand/decide/ be anxious, etc.+ infinitive
+ object-যুক্ত active voice-এর passive কাঠামো:
Active voice-এর subject+ মূল verb+
that+ infinitive -এর পরের object+
should be+ infinitive-কে verb-এ
পরিণত করে তার past
participle.
Passive voice’s structure in case of active voice having determine/arrange/be
determined/demand/decide/ be anxious, etc.+ infinitive + object-
Given active voice’s subject+ main verb+ that+ the object
after the infinitive+ should be+ the infinitive is converted into a verb and
its past participle.
Example:
- He
decided to prepare the proposal. (Active)
- He
decided that the proposal should be prepared. (Passive)
Rule
16: One+ should-যুক্ত active voice-এর Passive কাঠামো-
Object-এর subject+ should be+ Verb-এর past
participle.
Passive voice’s structure in case of active voice having One+ should-
Object’s subject+ should be+ Verb’s past participle.
Example:
- One
should perform one’s prayers. (Active)
- Prayers
should be performed. (Passive)